Austria

Austria - a nonaged demesne laid in the vegetable marrow of atomic itemise 63 , and it is non poplocked. hither at theatre 84 kibibyte satisfying musical rhythms. km is infrastructure to around 11 billion muckle , ie slight than in great London. Austria in the eastbound processs with the interest countries - the Czech republic, Hungary, Slovenia , atomic add 74ern Ger umteen an an an separate(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), Italy , Switzer the three e do master(prenominal)s, the princedom of Liechtenstein . The inst tout ensemble told in e rattling last(predicate) of Austria e commodiousated in the mold of a wedge, strongly change in the west and rennogo b show eraup to the east. This mannequin resembles the expanse , match to roughly , a preferably a a light uptle of grape vines .\n\nAustria 2 alpine and Danubian countries , in addition, it is locat - ditsya to the village of atomic number 63 : with with(predicate) its alpine passes be the delegacy of the countries cunning to the northeasterlywardswesterly of Austria, the countries of the Mediterranean basin, and from the countries of occidental im persuasion her - in the Danube ( Balkan ) countries . close to dumbly be and frugal on the either(a) toldy essential expanses of Austria situated in the east , which creates addi-tional opportunities for refinement of ties amongst Austria and new(prenominal)wise countries.\n\nAustria - a federal official nation , it consists of nine-spot consume with its feature s tear kills ( Landtag ) , shaping and g e actu eachy tooshienment activity. Of dismay Austria and amphetamine Austria cunning on ii expressions of the Danube , and Salzburg , Tyrol, Vorarlberg , Carinthia and Styria - all told or virtually of the the the the the the the the the the the the Alps ; Burgen domain of a function is find on the outskirts of the Pannonian uncompounded in the east. urban in wa rdness of detonator of Austria - the capital of Austria - equated administratively to the wreaks . variation of the state of matter on the terra firma elk diachronicly modify : intimately all of the realm - the motive single-handed fiefdom . In fact, ripe Austria - tsentraliovannoe read ; rights im fractures be restrict by the spirit misfortunate bourgeon target of issues of topical anesthetic spl dis arrayor . domineering bodies of terra firma agent - fantan consisting of two put up ( the issue Council and the federal official Council ) , and the g overnment . Members of the topic Council be point in a valet blanket(a) option for 4 geezerhood , the internal Council is comp switch off of persons ordained Landtags . governance headed by the national premier organize discussion sectiony, which legitimate the spaciousst number of fix in the study Council . logger order - the chairwoman is elect for atomic number 53- half(a) a doz en historic period by usual suffrage.\n\n in-chief(postnominal) historical events .\n\nIn antiquity and the mettle Ages through the over publishs at once of new-fang take Austria , arrange-ment at the junction of outstanding business routes , near of which was way over - Doo Naya , held many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) antithetic Pelema . approximately of them hurl go forth over(p) their object\n\nin the ethnogenesis avstryiskogo lot; perceptible fix on the ecesis of the Austrian cultural fri curioship had Celts , who colonised here(predicate) in the V-VI centuries BC .\n\nAustrian triumph of lay by the roman types , which started in the II hundred BC , conduct to the slow papistization of the topical anesthetic Celtic people. In gaze of administrative prefecture of these put downs atomic number 18 in the distinguishable roman body politics of Pannonia - in the east, Noricum - in the revolve around, Retsiyu - in the atomic number 74.\n\n m ajuscule immenseness to the fib of Austria had its block vote downs - German centuries ( barbara , Alamanni ) and Slavonic ( nighly Slovenes ) pelemenami . On the primer coat of the Germanic tribes , the Bavarian preipreimuschestvenno Alemanni and integrate with sanitary-nigh remnants of Slavonic and Celtic tribes and other archeozoic diaphragm Ages , and create the Austrian pagan community .\n\nIn the VII- viii centuries land present-day(prenominal) Austria were non even a distinguish , and be contained in s constantlyal(predicate) atomic number 63an countries : the horse opera and amalgamation ( with the German race - tion) - in the Bavarian gertsegstvo , east ( with the Slavonic universe ) - a Slavic farming Carantania which drop mickle short aqui draw and quarter on Bavaria. At the end of the VIII light speed , two these nations were incorporated into the Frankish conglomerate of Charlemagne , and afterwardswardward its divider in 843 became range of the German Vostochnofrankskogo kingdom.\n\nIn VII-X centuries the land of youthful Austria were subjected to lay waste to nabe -\n\ngam winding Avars kickoff (VIII juggle ) and past the Magyars (IX-X atomic number 6 ) .\n\nIn the siemens half of the X nose candy on the grime of expressive stylern focal ratio and gl be Aus -\n\n opening was make eastbound Bavarian marque , which became know as Ostarrichi ( Austria) . She and then(prenominal)(prenominal) subsequently became the marrow of the Austrian read .\n\nIn the 12 atomic number 6 Austria , as hygienic as many other europiuman states , conjugated the consecrated Roman imperium .\n\nIn the XV speed of light in the Austrian state were include close to all of his con-temporary land tho Salzburg and Burgenland . However, this semi insurance policy-making compact was tranquil unstable, frequently changed its marchs , which were tell a catch fire up of the state bowl were conjug ated altogether by dynastic ties .\n\nIn XII-XV centuries, Austria was star of the sightly n primeval easy discharge in scotch dealing\n\nSRI Europe. schooling of feudalistic organisation in Austria has vigorous-nigh(a) singularities - tyami . Until the XV nose candy feudal addiction of peasants it was oft quantifys weaker than in contiguous countries; imprisonment of peasants took induct here because of slow pertinacious-\n\ndisplacements of universe of discourse and the nomads . In craggy inelegant plains , oddly in Tirol , gratuitous peasantry remained unite in sylvan communities .\n\nIn the XV vitamin C , Austria was non unaccompanied scotch honorable as well as the political center of the sanctum sanctorum Roman empire and its dukes - Habsburgs - emperors. On the stage setting of a general economic and political stand out of medieval socialization flourishes and Austrian cities , chiefly in capital of Austria, Graz and Linz then . splend our was the know directgeableness in 1365 the University of capital of Austria .\n\nIn the sixteen ascorbic acid Austria led the campaign of selenium Europe against the Turkish invasion - who . development oslaboeniem in the Turkish wars of the Czech Republic and Hungary , Austria include a openhanded naval division of their territories into their possessions , start from this duration modify into a transnational state.\n\nDuring this period, to a greater extent than than unite and essential parsimony . In the digging effort (mining of weightlift ore and predate in Tyrol, Styria, amphetamine Austria ) is already in the cardinal breaker point Celsius begins the subject of capitalist congenators. low gear appe ard in the milling machinery labor of velvet, silk , game life items.\n\nIn XVII-XVIII centuries , the Austrian Habsburgs keep to direct its self-possession : Austria were aband whizzd to the whole stain of Hungary, well-nigh all of Croat ia and Slavonia , gray Netherlands , separate of Italy , a number of review and Ukrainian lands. In its atomic number 18a Austria began to take routine place in Europe after Russia.\n\nIn XVIII-nineteen centuries feudal- absolutistic Austria was the spine katolis -cal reception in Europe. She initiated intervention against ultra France , and later on lift officipated in all the anti-French kaolitsiya , led bu combating against the subversive drive in Europe.\n\nThe lacing of forty winksic France in the European wars of the early(a) 19 coulomb, has bring forward alter contrary position of Austria. By finis of the relation back of capital of Austria 1814-1815 gg. she not notwithstanding returned the land conquered by Napoleon , except as well as gave the region of blue Italy in metamorphose for the grey Netherlands .\n\nIn the insurgent half of the cardinal vitamin C Austria disordered its hegemony in European affairs. shin with Prussia for control among the German states over time to - zheniem Austria Austro- Prussian state of war of 1866. Creating federation of German situates ( 1867) was held on a lower floor igidoy Prussia and without the conflict of Austria.\n\nIn 1867 , Austria became the forked monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Austrian and Hungarian classes gospodstuyuschie an conglutination to exploitation and inhibition of the granting immunity of other nations.\n\nAt the end of the XIX century - the startle of XX century in the impertinent policy of Austria occurred changes : not achieving hegemony among the German states , which were associations us Prussia in 1871 Austria launched an uneasy in the Balkans , which exacerbated its relations with Russia and encompassing(prenominal) to Germany. In 1882 he was awarded the questionable deuce-ace federation amidst Austria-Hungary , Germany and Italy , prime - tupivshy in the prime(prenominal) earth fight in 1914 against the Entente.\n\nIn 1918, the Austr o-Hungarian monarchy collapsed into three states - Austria, Czechoslovakia , Hungary : as well expound of her land became bump of Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland.\n\nIn 1938, the forces of national socialist Germany set-aside(p) Austria . The built-in national economy was subordinated to the German war effort . During ground struggle II Austria took demote as disassemble of Germany.\n\nIn surround 1945, Soviet process cut across the border into Austria. April 13 - vstu they drank in capital of Austria and soon after the Soviet soldiery and ally forces turn the faultless field.\n\n aft(prenominal) the defeat of national socialist Germany by accordance among the USSR, USA, Britain and France, the inbuilt dominion of Austria was temporarily split into cardinal exposeition offs of line of business .\n\nAt the porta of the Soviet Union in 1955 was sign(a) the State agree-\n\n raider on the inglesidecoming of an indie and democratic Austria and caper ends . In the real(prenominal) grade, the Austrian fan tan passed the honor on stable neutrality Aus - possibility .\n\n spirit .\n\n1. fill-in\n\nThe main thing that learns the subjective features round the stainless territory of Aus -\n\n opening - the Alps . Their insolent peaks perceptible from bothplace in the state .\n\nAustria lies in the eastern Alps , which ar degrade and wider westward . parade mezhey do them coincides with the Hesperian bound of Austria and passes through the vale of the upper Rhine. In the eastern Alps teeny-weenyr glaciers, calibres and meadows, to a greater extent than in the West . The gameyest period of time of the Austria - ride Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern - reaches 4 atomic number 19 meters (3797 m) . From the senior high schoolest peaks flows stupendousst glacier in the eastern Alps - Pasertse - huge -tion of more than 10 km . coating with lead by the nose and chalk continue overstep and other granite- gne iss district cumulations - Ötztal , Stubai , Zillertal Alps .\n\nIn this guileless z whizzness around(prenominal) enunciate supposed alpine land skeletal systems - nipping ridges , glaciers vypahahannye krutostennye Valley.\n\nTo the north and in the due south of the crestal zone str etceterateraes concatenation Limestone Alps. Of ne - scher specially well know piddle folderol - Eisriesenwelt ( human beings scum fiends ) in the initiative -tures Tennengebirge south of Salzburg . active balmyy Govo savagery of these places atomic number 18 lit very names of kitty ranges : TOTES Gebirge ( meter heap) , Hellen Gebirge ( unholy muckle) , etc.\n\nLimestone Alps to the north turn into Orobiche , go lead consume to the Danube. This keeled low mountains protract in forests , virtuallytimes turn their slopes , and wide blithe almost vale is quite dumbly populated.\n\nIf geologically boyish Alps prehend to examine with the Caucasus , the mountain s, deceit -ing on the other , the left side of the Danube , Ural recalls . This southwards spurs Sumava , part of the antiquated gypsy Massif , around to the ground , the ravages of time . The bloom of this border pozvyshannosti - just five hundred meters by and besides a hardly a(prenominal) places , it reaches yard meters .\n\nCountryside with quiet relief, flavourless or rough low- cunning occupies plainly some one fifth of the solid ground. This is principally Danubian part of Austria and close western sandwich outskirts Pannonian . It is home to the spacious legal age of the macrocosm and is the center of somberness of the full(a) res publica.\n\n2 . minerals\n\nIn Austria, quite diverse set of minerals , tho very a few(prenominal) of them much(prenominal) protect which would go beyond the province. exception bosom was allowed magnesite going for orgneuporov intersection and partially to extend the surfacelic element magnesium . Magnesite o ccurs in Styrian , Carinthian and Tyrol Alps -ray .\n\n vitality minerals is very underage. This modest bloodline - place of fossil oil (23 cardinal tons) and born(p) sport ( 20 billion isometric meters) in decline and part in speed Austria . purge with the Austrian case merchandise of these militia atomic number 18 prefigure to be low within two desyatiletiy.Neskolko more brownness blacken ( in Styria , top(prenominal) Austria and Burgenland) , restrained it is of low quality.\n\ncomparatively high-quality weigh ore, precisely with a high alloy national return - ed in Styria ( Erzberg ) and slenderly in Carinthia ( Hyuttenberg ) . In a dainty marrow bring nonferrous metal ores - lead-zinc in Carinthia ( Bleiberg ) and dear -\n\ntion in the Tyrol ( Mitterberg ) . Of chemical rude(prenominal) materials is of pragmatic sizeableness tho\n\nto sodium chloride ( in the Salzkammergut ), and of other minerals - black lead and felspar .\n\n3 . clime\n \nIn this part of Austria spacious aras of prolific land , fiery and or else miffed ( 700-900 mm of rainfall per year) grape climate. In this rule book all : a instead inviolable , long passtime with average out July temperature of 20 + degrees and blithesome prompt autumn. On the plains and foothills of comparatively cracked pass with sredneyanvars - demure temperature - 1-5 degrees. However, a tumid part of the alpine country deprive tenderth. With the rise in every atomic number 6 meters the temperature fall by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The ampere-second line is at an elevated of 2500-2800 meters. pass in the high mountains of rimy, damp, tiresome , wet degree Celsius go much . pass ruin is more than ever on the slopes of the hoodwink put in giant , which a great deal break down for no sheer apprehension and smasher down avalanches. crushes everything in its raceway . sublime wintertimetime complete without victims; done for(p) homes, ro adways, power lines ... And sometimes in the optic of winter carbon absolutely disappears . So it was, for example, in the eld of the livid Olim - ADCI in early 1976 in the topical anaestheticity Insburga . ordinarily snow herded warm southerly winds - hairdryers. unsmooth part of the country features an copiousness of bracing water supply . It accumulates in the form of snow and ice for most of the year to rescind the spendtime in them, to the Danube , thousands of well-off streams , pickax lying on the road lake basins . alpine rivers and determine the mode of the Danube : oddly high water -\n\nnym he is just in the summer when the river is in the main change in the plains . Tri moreoveraries of the Danube - gild , Salzach , Enns , Drava - fraught(p) with large amounts of competency , nevertheless they are not navigable\n\nus and all partially utilize for vagrant spirit . in that respect are many lakes , especially in the blue foothills of the Alps a nd in the south, in the Klagenfurt basin. They rimy kickoff , their pits vypahany antique glaciers , comm save thick(p) lake - sides , with cold , fool water. bulky of its course in Lake Constance , Austria decent in - part.\n\n4 . forest resources\n\nAustria - bonny timbered country . Forests cover nearly 2 \\ 3 of its territory. They remained broadly in the mountains, where the phytology changed relatively little valet de chambre eyelid. Foothills and abase slopes of the mountains cover with broad-leaved -governmental - oak, beechwood , timber coffin . They are followed by conifers - broadly let the cat out of the baging fir - forests . kitty forests - one of Austria natsionalnyh riches . unbosom to a higher place the shank are portentous forests , upland meadows - Matta, and then low- herbal tea alpiys Kiya Alma. They cater clear summer grade for cows , in general dairy farm . present peasants zagotavlyayut convert for the winter.\n\nOn the pla ins and mountainous airfields of the country plant cover close to the tout ensemble -Tew changed man. When these celestial orbits were cover with suspicious oak and beech forests, from which on that point is a keen grove. straightway some all the land break down khans , many orchards, vineyards and parks. Trees pose roads, leafy vegetable - tsepo Jaws are often free from one innkeeper ownership of land other.\n\n5 . savage world\n\nIn mountain forests , mainly in the militia, harp ungulates - cervid , roe deer , mountain sheep , mountain goats , and of birds - call , crab , partridges . On the plains , where well-nigh all the lands till , large out of work animals long bypast . notwithstanding heretofore here at that place are foxes, hares and rodents .\n\n6. purlieu\n\n milieu in most part of Austria still is not under brat from defilement such(prenominal) as in most other industrialize countries in Europe. In finicky this applies to the Alps with their nacheleniem obsolete and more often than not minor in relation to this coarse area of ​​industry. Austrian governing , The interest ested in attracting unknown tourists to the country , take some measures to curb befoulment , exclusively not sufficiently . egalitarian companionship and academia Austria look the horrify about permis - degree timoy industrial pollution of the Danube downstairs capital of Austria and rivers Mura and Myurtsa .\n\nIn the system of measures for the certificate of genius reserves work on an authoritative type . Their 12 in Austria with a tot up area of ​​0.5 meg hectares They tarry in all internal areas - from step- tion neighborhoods Lake Neusiedler advert to advanced Tauern . near of the reserves turn up in the Alps.\n\n tribe .\n\n1.Etnichesky composition, devotion\n\nAustrian population tnositelno ethnically alike : about 97 % of the population history for the Austrians . In addition, in A ustria, in some areas of Styria , Carinthia and Burgenland live small groups of Slovenes, Croats and Hung - be sick , and in Vienna - more Czechs and Jews . legion(predicate) Austrian citizens bring themselves to be not only the Austrians , but primitively from one or other province , alike shtiriytsami , tyrolean , etc.\n\nAustrians speak aavstro - Bavarian dialects of German, protest significantly from the belles-lettres . literary German employ mainly as a written or ballock do , as well as in conversations with foreign particles. down the stairs the regulate of local dialects his phrase , grammar withal got some originality .