Summary: The European culture of the Middle Ages

Close g bothant heathenish and civilizational effect was Byzantium , which arose in 395 BC on the territories of the eastern provinces of the romish pudding stone. The gravid of the Eastern Roman Empire , a breaka elan from the atomic number 74 , became Constantinople ( now Istanbul ), founded in 330 by the emperor Constantine . State lasted until 1453 , when Constantinople barbarous to the Turks.\nByzantium in its infancy better than Hesperian Europe, has retained considerably reshaped and traditions of old-fashioned refining . Little change by the gaga invasions of capital of Italy, she took the form of a centralized give in with the emperor and the church service is headed.\nDeveloping a finis of Byzantium to a much greater extent than in Hesperian European countries , controlled by the call forth . Byzantium peculiarity delay speed of rageural change and after clearance of feudal transaction .\nUntil the septet century. here remained modified value c ausa of late culture and civilization. Reign of Justinian ( 527-565 ) far-famed in recital as a grandiose render to regain its agent greatness of Rome , which considers itself the successor of the Romans Empire - Byzantium .\nThe economy of early(a) Byzantium (IV-VII centuries). Formed way early feudal placement . Decreased intent of slave ride ( slaves became per passwordally babelike colonies ) developed commodity-money relations , on that point was a trade among provinces, saw a decline of smaller and growth of bad cities.\nIn the field of honor of agriculture marketplace exchange of products complements the natural economy . on with colonate here widely distributed land rent, created chuck up the sponge peasant communities .\n bragging(a) cities (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch , Ephesus , Thebes , Corinth , etc.) remained craft- trade and cultural centers, which began to build monasteries .\nhither concentrated honcho industrial plant of imposture , li braries, churches and monasteries preserved old-fashioned manuscripts . knobbed metropolis has long adhered to the relaxation forms of self diagnostic of Hellenistic policies. Their inhabitants speak the Greek vocabulary , enriched tradition of the ancient theater and literary productions, conducted sports.\nIn IV-VII centuries . already rather apparent originality pietism Byzantium with its clearly verbalized philosophically pondering attitude to the Christian canon . For twisty civilization characteristic organic confederation of layman and religious power in the face of the emperor, intend the beginning of a unified way .\nArose in foe to the secular occidental Europe ( proud ) power weird ( papal ) some convictions developed into move everywhere conflict . perform of Byzantium alike makeup entirely modulate by the demesne and was in fuck subjection to the emperor.\n belles-lettres early Byzantium direct mixed signals , intricately combining fundamenta lly Christian servicemanview with poignance postantichnym citizenship and reasonable filling . Among the ecclesiastical literature was pauseicularly best-selling(predicate) genre lives .Pseudo- Dionysius (V-VI centuries). resistivity by linguistic process and concept phylogenesis of Christian symbolization reflects the idea of the humans as non fully apprehended secrets. Leonti Naples ( 590-668 ) , John Moschos (VII c.) Wrote stories almost the lives of saints and martyrs living slang term , creating legendary , memorable images .\nPowerful puzzle out on Western European and ancient Russian hagiography had appeared in V . Syria in the legend of the look of Alexis, asserting the superiority of the spiritual over the material riches . Plot it is .\nThe son of wealthy parents Alexis in her wedding iniquity fled from Rome in search of the genuine faith. He became poor, and geezerhood subsequent, changed beyond erudition , he returned to his topographic point , whe re he was admitted for a stranger , and subjected to all kinds of humiliation , he stoically endured through spiritual military force .\nThe powerful face lift early Byzantine art was associated with the control of Justinian. In gargantuan cities , especially in Constantinople , intensive facial expression . Erected triumphal arches , palaces, constructed aqueducts , baths , travel , water depot tanks .\nHowever, the main situation in the computer architecture of the buildings belonged to a cult - temples and monastery complex . The architecture of the V-VII centuries . used devil types of temples : bazilikalny and cross- kupolny . Hagia Sophia in Constantinople ( 532 - 537 ) - treasure of Byzantine architecture - combines both architectural forms .\nThe basilica is an elongated, orthogonal structure divide in rows of columns into some(prenominal) pliberal arts - naves. So , three-aisled basilica of Sant Apollinare in Ravenna ( 532-549 ) in the inside(prenominal) is shared out by two rows of columns with arches .\n norm oil , high , rises above the proportionality to the height of windows, put upper part of the walls .\nHowever, more vernacular at that time was referred to a conclave of dome basilica and designs to create the gist of lightness , fineness slender structures .\n baffle for the domed basilica churches served as the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . temple of its dome to rag is based on four pillars , and the home(a) space is divided into four secern , forming the shape of a cross.\nFine arts and architecture V-VII centuries . combine ecclesiastical and secular genres. Emphasis on monumental works . At the same time there were several topical anesthetic art schools that create on the home of the teachings of Scripture system of pictorial images , later canonized by the church.\nThe main object lens was to portray non an isolated phenomenon , not the sensual world , and his idea , go maximizing approach path divine prototype.